Petroleum Engineering final research Paper Essay

Petroleum Engineering final research Paper - Essay Example While engineering and research have developed methods of extracting different petroleum products from crude oil in practical approaches, the academic and the overall public domain is unable to know from research how exactly the formation of crude oil takes place as many theories exist within the sources credited as scholarly articles and approved books. Given the increasing threat of reading and believing various sources in existence, this essay seeks to answer the following question as it relates to petroleum engineering and research on petroleum production: Research Question If petroleum engineering was developed through research on petroleum formation, why is it that petroleum engineering follows the same concepts and methods of processing while petroleum research on petroleum formation differs considerably? LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Research on Petroleum a. Formation of crude oil ‘The origin of oil’ is a phrase that anyone can take a wild guess and appear right on. From t ime immemorial, societies have become accustomed to the popular believe that crude oil is a product from the interiors of the earth. However, while the origin or oil has been researched on, most research tends to lean on where crude oil exists or where around the world oil can be drilled. Research goes further to explain that the origin of oil is a phenomenon that can be explained through the consideration of hydrocarbons undergoing gradual changes within the confinements of the earth’s crust. According to Bluemale & Manz (2), crude oil is constituted of 50-95% of hydrocarbons. While chemical engineering is a crucial input in the field of petroleum research, some sources fall short of relevant information regarding the types and actual chemical components of these hydrocarbons. Research by other researchers indicate that the formation of crude is an indefinite process upon which most researchers have relied on theories rather than taking a practical approach in identifying th e actual process of crude oil formation. In statistics, forecasts are made through the consideration of the mean in order to predict the occurrence of some results. While the field of quantitative data can use means to predict outcomes, it is unable to use the same method to predict results from qualitative data. For example, the different researches on the formation of crude oil cannot be reduced to an average concept. This therefore discredits such research conclusion that crude oil is made up of 50-95% of hydrocarbons. The 50-95% gap is way too wide to show substantiality of the research as it is impossible to believe that one bottle of the original coca cola can have 50-95% sugar content and still be classified under the same category of either diet coca cola or the original sugar-rich product. b. Chemical Composition The formation of petroleum has been able to produce substantial evidence of how chemicals are combined or developed to become petroleum. In this case, the scientif ic inability is influenced by timeline as scientists are unable to reproduce 100 million years. While the impossibility is logical, the mentioning of 100 million years may has well be wrong as the determinant of the period

Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example for Free

Genetically Modified Foods Essay Genetically Modified Foods (GMO) are crops that have had changes made to their genetic material (DNA) in a way that does not occur naturally through the introduction of a gene from a different organisms. The use of genetically modified foods has been debated about for some time now. One side argues that GMO is more sustainable and economically efficient. It is also argued that GMO has not been properly tested for any negative effects on humans, other animals and the environment. GMO foods are seen as the future in agriculture by scientist as it solves so many worldwide problems. Industries claim GMO foods have been changed to make the food last longer, give the crop herbicidal tolerance, resistance to insects and different climates, taste better and the crop will produce more food. This results in more food for the rapidly growing population of the world as less crops will spoil as a result of insects, while also increasing the nutritional value of the food. Foods that previously weren’t able to grow in varying climates will now be able to, this will especially benefit countries such as Africa where their climate is very harsh. It has been argued that scientists have not done enough research and have not fully tested their products properly. This has been the concerns of many people all over the world. Do the benefits really outweigh the negatives? While GMO products may be very beneficial to society in theory very few have been properly tested for how they impact humans and other organisms in the long term. Tests have been done on rats testing the effects of GMO products on their health, in all cases rats feed GMO products were more likely to develop tumours and suffer server liver and kidney damage. Recent studies also show that despite the claims of GMO food supporters GMO crops don’t produce larger amounts of food. In addition to these problems it has been found that weeds have crossed bread with these GMO plants resulting in herbicide resistant weeds which mean stronger pesticides are needed which possess a huge threat to none GMO plants. In 2010 Germany introduced a ban on Monsanto genetically modified corn as it was considered dangerous. In 2011 Peru passed a law banning genetically modified crops for 10 years, the same year Hungary also destroyed 1000 acres of corn that was found to be grown with genetically modified seeds which are banned. If countries are going to such lengths to keep GMO foods out there must be an issue with them. The main issue with GMO is that it is big companies that are creating GMO foods. They only care about making a profit. This results in sloppy long term tests and in some cases false information being provided to the public to promote their product. In most cases the negatives clearly outweigh the positives of GMO foods although that does not rule out all GMO products. If governments got involved more and incorporated better restrictions on the production of GMO foods results will improve. With more research and tests maybe GMO foods really will be the way of the future.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of The Internet Essay

The Advantages and Disadvantages of The Internet Essay Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Advantages of Internet 3.0 Disadvantages of Internet 4.0 Conclusion 1.0 Introduction Modern life has become easier and the people of the world have to thanks to the immense contribution of the internet technology to communication and information sharing. There is no doubt that internet has made our life become easier and more convenient. We can use internet to communicate with people around the world, doing business by using internet, make new friend and know different cultures, searching information, studying and etc. The internet not only allows for communication through email but also ensures easy availability of information, images, and products amongst other things. Every day the internet continues to provide a new facility, something new that is immensely convenient and that makes life more easier for web users. However, the internet also contains some unwanted elements or disadvantages. The following are the advantages and disadvantages of the internet. 2.0 Advantages of the Internet Firstly, the internet can let a person to communicate with people in virtually any parts of the world through the internet or e-mail, without having to leave his room. E-mail allowed peoples to communicate with minimum of times. It is now possibles to send a message to any parts of the world through a simple e-mail address and the message is delivered in matter of seconds. Every companies is using e-mail in business. The convenience of e-mail has allowed businesses to expand and communicates with their vendors and customers located all over the world in records times. Personal communication has also become more easier thanks to e-mail. Chat rooms, video conferencing are some of the latest additions in this technology and these have allowed peoples to chat in real time. Besides, there are a lot of messengers services in offering. With the help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts and explore other cultures . The internet also allows people within an organization to easily communicate and share informations. Second, information is probably the biggest advantages that internet offers. Internet is a virtual treasures trove of information. Any kinds of information on any topic under the sun is available on the internet. The search engines like Google, Yahoo are at your service through the internet. There is a huge amount of information available on the internet for just about every subjects known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support, the lists is simply endless. We can uses these search engines, websites dedicated to different subjects and large amount of articles and papers are available for perusal in a matter of a few seconds. Forums on a number of sites allow peoples to discuss and share their thoughts and informations with others located at different places all over the world. Whether this information is the latest news happenings in the world or information about your favourite celebrity, everything is available at your finger tips. A huge cache of data is available on the internet on every single subjects. With this storehouse of information people can not only increases their knowledge bank but can do so without wasting their time through traditional means such as visiting libraries and conducting exhaustive research. With internet, students can save their times to search for information and using their time to do other works. This is particularly relevant for students who can use this wealth of information for their school projects and also learn new things about the subjects they are interested in. In fact this internet is for many schools and universities that are now able to assigns projects and work to the students and follows their progress which can be easily posted on the school or university internal websites. Online education has grown at a very fast pace since internet allow the development and uses of innovative tools for imparting education. University students and lecturers can communicate through internet. Besides, some universities are also offerings far distances courses to make study become more inefficient and convenience. Internet become a gateway for those who wants to learn but cannot afford the living fees at foreign countries. Thirdly, entertainments is another popular reasons why many people prefer to surf the internet. In fact, the internet has becomes quite successful in trapping the multifaceted entertainment industry. Downloading games or just surfing the celebrity websites are some of the uses people have discovered. Even celebrities are using the internet effectively for promotional campaigns. Besides that, there are numerous games that can be downloaded for free. The industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and phenomenal attentions by game lovers. The internet has also revolutionized the entertainments industry. People nowadays no need to go to a cinema hall to watch your favourite movie. Instead of watching movies at cinema now have companies offering their services where you just can downloads or order your favourite movie and watch it with a fast internet connection. Besides that, you also can download other important software or your favourite music in a matter of few minutes. There are a number of shareware programs that allow you to share and download your favourite music and videos. The internet also allows people from different cultures and background to connect with each other. Internet gaming is a huge business and allow enthusiastic gamers to compete against each other in games even when they are located far apart. Likewise dating has also allowed people to find their prospective soul mates. Through the internet, shopping has also got a complete makeover thanks to the contributions of the internet. You have many website selling a varieties of products online and one just need to select or bid for the desired product and entire financial transactions can be conducts through the internet. E commerce has got a facilities because of the internet and entire global business deals can be conducted over the internet. Transfer of money is also no longer a times consuming job and with just a click of a button you can easily transfers funds to any place you wish. Some of these services of courses come at a price. The internet has made life very convenient. With numerous online services you can now performs all your transaction online. You can books tickets for a movie, transfer funds, pay utility bills, taxes etc, and right from your home. Some travel websites even plans an itinerary as per your preferences and take care of airline tickets, hotel reservation etc. by using internet, consumers can compare the prices of product before making decisions to purchase. People who believes that impacts of internet on students is positives said that internet help students by providing them the handy material and resources for their studies. It is a big reality that now students takes a lots of help from internet. Students have any problem regarding their studies or their daily life they can finds lots of solutions of that problem from internet. There they can find out articles of scholar and other professional people which would be helpful for them. They can take lectures from different academics on different topics. One of the most important benefits of internet is that students can earn from internet through bloggers. Students can take interest on earning through internet. It would be a great source of income for them and also it would provide them a big experience of writing. The students who are interested in media and wanted to be a writer in the future must do this work. This would increase their professional skills which would lead them towards great future. Students can also use internet for the social connectivity and there are lots of social media websites which mostly students use for social networking. Such as Facebook, Twitter, Weibo etc are the famous social networking site. Students can contact themselves with the foreign students and discuss them on different issue to enhance their skills and knowledge. By using internet wisely, students can get many information to enrich their knowledge. 3.0 Disadvantages of the Internet However, for all its advantages and positive aspects, the internet has its dark and ugly side too. The recent rumours that mongering about racial riots in Kuala Lumpur which in created a furores, just goes to show how this tool, with its unrivalled reputation as an information assassinations and company reputations can suffer if internet facilities are abused, especially by those with an axe to grind. Besides that some students will spend too much of time through the internet. Students are likely to neglect their studies. If the movie has too strong a hold even elderly people are likely to neglect some their important work. Students might lose concentrate on their studies because they spent too much time on internet. Some of them canà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t even divide their time to do homework but they spent their time on watching movie or chatting with their friends through internet. While the internet has made life easier for people in many ways it is also reflecting an uglier side to its existence through a number of problems that it has thrown up for its users. With a large amount of information freely available on the internet theft and misuse of this information is a likely possibility. Time and again you see cases of people using someone elses information and research and passing it off as their own. Children nowadays seem losing their ability to communicate with others. They are used to communicate with others via internet but they cannot communicate with others face by face fluent. It was a strange sight that internet had make people losing their ability to communicate. It is because people now are over depending on internet. Another problem or disadvantage of the internet is that it has allowed a great deal of anonymity to a large number of people who may access the different websites, forums and chat rooms available. This has allowed perverted individuals to at times take advantage of innocent people and abuse their trust. We can always hear from news that cheaters used internet to make crimes. The cheaters will make friends with single ladies and cheat them by using sweet words. Lonely single ladies are very easy get in trap of these cheaters. These cheaters normally will cheat these ladies to bank-in money to them. Some of the cheaters try to borrow money from these ladies. There are a host of games that are available on the internet and this has made most children to shun all outdoor activity. In the absence of physical activity, children can easily fall prey to a lot of lifestyle related diseases such as obesity, apart from failing to develop interpersonal skills. Apart from these factors, sitting continuously in front of a computer screen can seriously damage our eyes, and put a strain on our neck and shoulders. Children are in their developing years and these factors can create life-long problems for them. Children will become more violence because affected by internet games. There are too many internet games that contain violence content and it may affect negative influence to children. Another disadvantage of internet is harmful to little children. Children nowadays are explored to internet and they are used to maintain internet as their daily life. This is one of the greatest threats internet poses to children. Internet has provided an easy medium to children to gain access to pornography and this can cause them to either become sexually-deviant or sexually-addictive. This phenomenon has also caused another problem, and that is the increase in prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in children. According to reports, one out of every four teenagers gets infected with a STD every year. The adult content that is present on the internet promotes irresponsible sex and creates false notions in the minds of students. If you have been following news lately then you must know what we are referring to. Children have been lured by paedophiles posing as good Samaritans and have been physically abused and molested. Internet has also made it easy for unscrupulous elements to get in touch with children and this has led to an increase in the cases of kidnapping and identity thefts. About 60% young teens in the United States have admitted to responding to messages from strangers. This kind of behaviour is extremely risky and has made children extremely vulnerable to become victims of cyber-crime. 4.0 Conclusion The points mentioned above have posed new challenges to teachers and parents. There are demands from various quarters that there should be some sort of regulation to check this issue. However, we believe that instead of making internet a taboo, we should educate children to use it for their benefit. It is advisable for parents to monitor how much time their children spend on the internet, and if possible set a time-limit till which they would be allowed to use the internet. Having the computer in the living-room instead of a childs bedroom can also ensure censorship on what they are accessing on the internet. It is also important that you talk to them about the birds and the bees because if you do not talk to them, they will turn to their friends and internet for answers which may not provide authentic information. Parents play important role in this content and they have to pay attention on their children despite them get affected by internet. Although studies on this disorder are in preliminary stages, it has been established that children who spend most of their time on the internet, show a peculiar kind of behaviour which is marked by an urge to be on the internet all the time, so much that the child may show all activities and become immersed in the virtual world. Surveys conducted over the years have found that most people who suffer from Internet addiction disorder are young adults, who easily fall into the lure of exploring everything that is available on the internet. In America alone, it has been estimated that around 10-15 million people are suffering from internet addiction disorder, and this is increasing at the rate of 25% every year. Internet had controlled some of them who are depending internet in their life activities. Most of them will get mad if they cannot connect to internet. It becomes a kind of physiology sickness around us. The internet focused on the negative effects, it in no way means that we are undermining the importance of internet in our lives. We have written this article for the internet audience, and you are reading it through the internet, which itself explains the positive side of internet usage. It is for us to decide whether we use technology for the betterment of our lives or put it to unabated abuse. Children may not be mature enough to understand this, but us as parents, teachers and guardians need to ensure that we inculcate the right behaviour in our children. Lastly, we have to take the responsibilities to guide out children to use internet wisely and ensure them to get right information from internet.

Age Discrimination in Employment Essay -- Public Policy

There has always been some â€Å"ism† that social movements have fought against throughout America’s history, and the issue of â€Å"ageism† was finally addressed in The Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Ageism can be defined as prejudiced beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors pertaining to older adults. To understand the ADEA fully, a brief history of age discrimination is useful to comprehend the Structural Level of this bill. Discrimination based on age was not a large issue until the beginning of the 20th century, mainly because it was a tacit form of discrimination. For the most part, people worked until they were at an age where they did not feel useful, and for the rest of their lives their families would take care of them. Industrialization brought in a new era which introduced unions, and new guidelines were created as to how long someone should stay in a position. Over time, age discrimination became an integrated feature of the modern industrial economy; ageism was even associated with the progress of American capitalism. The issue of age based discrimination received some attention in the early part of the 20th Century, but was not recognized as a social problem until around World War II. The wartime economy considerably increased the demand for labor, and the number of men aged 65 and older in the workforce jumped by 75% (U.S. Census, 1975). The increased need for workers helped merge women into the workplace, and proved that older adults were proficient and agreeable to modern employment. Policy makers became concerned about the presence and pervasiveness of age centered discrimination because of the large amount of older workers employed at this time in history which made the problem more obvious. The United States emerged... ...tion in Employment Act and the Vocational Rehabilitation Act: A Proposed Consolidation." Labor Law Journal 31.1 (1980): 13-26. Print. Mitchell, Charles. "Retaliation Lawsuits Held Applicable For Federal Employees under The Age Discrimination In Employment Act: A Victory For Older Federal Workers The Supreme Court's Decision In Gomez-Perez V. Potter, Postmaster General." Review of Public Personnel Administration 29.1 (2009): 89-94. Print. Rothenberg, Jessica, and Gardner, Daniel. "Protecting Older Workers: The Failure Of The Age Discrimination In Employment Act Of 1967." Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 38.1 2011: 9-30. Print. Werner, Herbert D., and Martha W. Dewhurst. "The Age Discrimination In Employment Act Amendments Of 1978 And Their Effect On Collective Bargaining." Labor Law Journal 30.8 (1979): 477-482. Business Source Premier. Web. 1 Nov. 2011.

Philippine Contemporary Issue-Abortion

Philippine Contemporary Issue – Abortion Why is abortion a social problem today? I think why abortion is a social problem is for the fact that not everyone agrees with that and everyone puts in their prospective. So then everyone else does to which leads into making it a big problem. The act of seeking or obtaining an abortion is not a real issue today. The personal issue of the people in the position of seeking an abortion hasn't changed with the exception that these people don't have to do it on a criminal basis from unsafe, illegal sources.Personal issues of fear of discovery, regret, guilt (or lack thereof), and what this will mean to their future and future relationships has not changed overtime Predominantly Catholic, the Philippine Islands have banned all abortion, except that which saves the life of the mother. Yet there are an average of 470,000 abortions induced annually. Filipinas do not have the same socio-political climate as they do in the United States.There is no taxi service to public abortion clinics, judicial waivers, or counseling sessions. If you are caught having an abortion in the Philippines, it’s against the law and you are thrown in jail – plain and simple. Of the women who are successful in inducing their own abortions, many go to great – and often grotesque – lengths to achieve their goal. Most of them take some form of anti-clotting or aspirin-related drugs, to induce bleeding.Some drink incredible quantities of alcohol. When all else fails, they throw themselves down flights of stairs or beat on their stomachs, with the â€Å"help† of a local midwife†¦ others self-catheter their vaginas. All of these violent practices greatly endanger the mother as well; it’s shocking that a woman would harm herself like that for an abortion. I’m not detailing this because I think pregnant Filipinas should have it cushy like they do in the States.No way! I believe just the opposite: The U nites States needs to outlaw abortion, now. I’m amazed at how desperate we are, as a civilization, to kill unborn babies and end inconvenient pregnancies. It is stunning that the world feels so entitled to its desires and personal gain that we have huge social movements trying to protect murder on demand. Think hard about that. Murder on demand – on a worldwide scale.

Major Influences in My Life Essay

It is often reiterated that â€Å"success is one percent inspiration and ninety nine percent perspiration. † I also strongly believe in it as I recall the successful events in my life, whose gradual path towards achievement was shaped by initiation developed by motivation; however, the successful implementation was attained through my sheer hard work and perseverance. I have always considered my work as my hobby, and I try my best to finish the work within the stipulated time. I don’t expect miracles to happen, but I have experienced that miracles happen when work is done with sincerity and diligence. Besides, there have been men and women from all walks of life, who provided the emotional support to me in my distress. Among the most trustworthy persons whom I always relied upon was my mother. I can evidently remember the difficult times during my education at school when my mother instilled the much need confidence in me, and encouraged me to never give up. It is true that education begins at home, and I was fortunate to have scholarly parents, who always tried to provide the necessary paraphernalia to me, including their assistance in understanding the difficult subjects. Read more:  Person I admire  essay I learnt good morals from my religious mother, who inculcated virtues like honesty, loyalty, care for the elderly, and affection towards the children. My firm faith in God is also due to the holy teachings of scriptures conveyed to me by my pious mother. She always taught me to love all humanity, and to follow the path of non-violence. I see myself as a mature, independent and judicious person, for which I would give the credit to my loving mother. During my school education, my teachers treated me like their friend, and emphasized the importance of punctuality and regularity in both professional as well as personal life. I owe my gratitude to my mathematics teacher, who once, said to me, â€Å"It is important to have a goal, but it is more important to work towards reaching that goal. † My teachers also highlighted the importance of patience and tolerance that are needed in implementing any plan. Slowly and steadily, I kept on developing these personality traits in me, and I confess that I am grateful to my teachers for imparting such motivational and positive education to me. I would also like to acknowledge the contribution of my supervisor at the McDonald’s restaurant, who helped me to identify my strengths and weaknesses. Whenever I committed a mistake, my supervisor would politely tell me about my wrong deeds, and moreover, suggest an optimum solution. It was under his supervision that I learnt good workplace skills like time management, organizational management, decision making and problem solving. Although my supervisor was kind, good listener, encouraging and forgiving, I noticed that he was never angry, and kept his cool in most difficult times. I admire him for his positive qualities, and I must admit that I have learnt some of these good traits from him; as a result, I have been able to balance my personal and professional life due to proper management of time and stress. I have realized that learning is a continuous process that continues the whole life, but to apply the virtues in practical life, there are role models who provide the necessary encouragement. I owe my gratitude to my parents, especially my mother, my teachers at school, and to my supervisor, who enabled me to imbibe the morals, and practice them in daily life. As a result of their positive influence, I have become a responsible citizen of the society. I have firm faith in myself, and also, I confide in my friends and relatives. My teaching lessons from home and school have equipped me with problem solving and decision making skills. Besides, my mentors have helped me to acquire good interpersonal skills, which have made me adorable among friends and colleagues. Now, I continue to learn from my distinguished professors in the university as I pursue a rigorous undergraduate degree program.

Incarceration on Canadas Economy essays

Incarceration on Canadas Economy essays Incarceration on Canadas Economy On any given day of the week in Canada, there are approximately 13 000 people in federal penitentiaries and 19 000 in provincial jails. Incarceration is used when an offender must be removed from the society it violated for the protection of the countrys law abiding citizens. Canadian tax payers and the government want the cost of incarceration to be decreased. Prison is the most expensive penalty the Canadian government offers to offenders and is trying to find different alternatives to incarceration and is trying to offer more educational and work programs that will allow inmates to acquire jobs when they have served their sentence and are released. It costs Canadas government and taxpayers a great amount of money to house criminals in their penitentiaries. In 1999-2000, the total bill for operating the adult federal and provincial correctional system was $2.4 billion. The cost of keeping an inmate incarcerated in a federal penitentiary is about $67 700 per year. This compares to approximately $29 900 for a halfway house and $14 500 to supervise an inmate on parole. Canadians are faced with two choices. We can go along with the United States and build more prisons and spend more of the budget, or use alternatives of incarceration on low-risk offenders that can be safely and effectively managed in the community. There are many different alternatives to incarceration that will save the taxpayers a significant amount of money. There are many different forms of alternatives to imprisonment. Restitution allows judges to order the offenders to compensate the victims for property loss and personal injuries. This, for obvious, reasons is not used much since most criminals are not wealthy individuals. Restitution recognizes the tremendous financial impacts that crime can have on victims and ensures that compensation as part of ...

Learn What a Match School Is in College Admissions

Learn What a Match School Is in College Admissions A match school is a college or university that is likely to admit you because your grades, standardized test scores, and holistic measures are similar to those of typical students at the school.  You certainly arent guaranteed an acceptance letter from a match school, but chances are better than not that you will get in.When applying to colleges, its important to choose your schools wisely. Key Takeaways At a match school, your grades and standardized test scores should fall within the typical range for admitted students.Ivy League schools and other highly selective colleges and universities are never match schools. They are reach schools.For a variety of reasons, it is quite possible to get rejected from a match school. Be careful not to overestimate your chances of getting in. How Do You Know if a School is a Match? If you know your high school GPA and youve taken either the SAT or ACT, its fairly easy to figure out if your grades and test scores are on target for a university. Here are two methods for doing so: Find schools that interest you in my massive A to Z index of college profiles. When you click on a college, youll find SAT and ACT data for matriculated students. This data represents the 25th and 75th percentile of students who enrolled at the college. If your ACT and/or SAT scores are above the 25th percentile number, youre a potential match for the school.For hundreds of the schools Ive profiled, youll also find a link to a GPA-SAT-ACT graph of data for students who were accepted, rejected and waitlisted. This will give you a more visual representation of where you fit in. Match≠  Guaranteed Admission Its important to realize that there is no guarantee of admission at schools that youve identified as matches. While many students with grades and test scores similar to yours were admitted, its equally likely that some students with similar profiles were not admitted. This is one reason why its important also to apply to a safety school or two so that you are nearly certain to be admitted somewhere. It can be heartbreaking to discover in the spring of senior year that youve received nothing but rejection letters. Possible reasons for a rejection to a match school include:   The college has holistic admissions, and your essay or extracurricular involvement werent as impressive as those of other applicants.Your application was incomplete or had careless mistakes (see 6 Common Blunders of College Applicants)You failed to demonstrate interest in the college.Related to demonstrated interest, you may have been edged out by applicants who applied through early action or early decision (both tend to have higher admit rates than regular decision)Your letters of recommendation raised concerns for the college.The college wasnt able to meet your financial needs (a significant number of colleges and universities are  not  needs-blind, and they will not admit students who would face unreasonable financial hardship should they try to attend)The college admitted students who may have had similar grades and test scores but who were more likely to contribute to the diversity of the campus community. Colleges dont have formal geographic, racial, or cultural quotas, bu t many schools do believe that a diverse student body benefits the learning environment. You have a criminal record that concerns the college. Some Schools AreNeverMatches If youre a straight A student with top 1% standardized test scores, youre still not guaranteed admission at the countrys most selective colleges and universities. The countrys  Ã‚  top U.S. colleges and top universities  have such low acceptance rates that many fully qualified applicants receive rejection letters. You should certainly apply if you wish to attend these schools, but be realistic about your chances. When a college has a single digit acceptance rate, you should always consider the school a reach, not a match, even if your grades and test scores are exceptional. A Final Word on Match Schools I always recommend that applicants be realistic about their chances of admission, and its important to remember that many students receive rejection letters from match schools. That said, chances are good that you will get into some if not most of the match schools to which you apply. Also keep in mind that match schools are often good choices because youll be among peers who have academic abilities that are similar to your own. It can be frustrating to be at a college where the majority of students are significantly stronger or weaker than you. Balance is important as you come up with your college wish list. You should make sure you apply to a mix of  reach schools, match schools, and  safety schools.

Challenges Opportune Regional Integration .Com

Discuss About The Challenges Opportune Regional Integration? Johnson and Martin Ltd (J&M) is a company that manufactures a popular line of clothing for young people. The company’s products are positioned as fashionable and of high quality. Due to the little prospects for the future sales growth, the firm has decided to expand its clothing to the Middle Eastern region (Jullens, 2013). The potential marketing for these products is Turkey, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. As a marketing consultant, I have carried out market opportunity assessment to determine which is the most prospective market to enter. In this market assessment opportunity, I have examined the investment environment, impacts of the government interventionist policies, the market potential and the effect of regional integration initiatives and related issues. In addition to that, I have evaluated the opportunities and threats in the three markets. This study, therefore, explains the market opportunity assessment for Turkey, Egypt and Saudi Arabia and the opportunity and threat s in each of the three markets. The investment environment is the global economy and the domestic economy , developments in which have an impact on the prices (values) of the assets. My examination of the investment environment revealed that investment climate in Turkey is excellent particularly for the clothing of young people. Hollensen points out that the country has a young dynamic population and a growing middle-class with a lot of purchasing power (Hollensen, 2017). He clarifies that its unique geographical location is critical in attracting many customers since it is strategically situated between the East and the West. An investor can, therefore, make high profit margins, as a result of the high volume of sales. In addition to that, it is one of the G-20 states with the highest economic growth.   Also, the state has a very friendly business climate to the investors, access to a huge national consumer base and other nearby markets and supports expansion for the international investors. A good investor wil l, therefore, make use of such an investment environment Turkey has bonded very well with most of the investors such as India. According to Hollensen, there are as many as 260 Indian companies which operate in Turkey. In the last 14 years, these firms have made humongous sales worth $ 103 million (Hollensen, 2017). Some of these companies include Wipro, Polyplex, and Mahindra among others. Turkey has a verycompetitive and skilled workforce comprising of a young population with flexibleinvestment settingand low tax prices, the country presents an exciting opportunity for clothing investors. Hence, the opportunity Turkey presents for the Johnson and Martin Ltd to invest is perfect Poor implementation of intervention policies by the government has held back the interests of foreign investors in Turkey in the last decades. A report conference that was released by the United Nations about development and trade (UNCTAD) in the year 2013 revealed that the political uncertainty which was escalating at the regional level subdued global economic prospects were preventing foreign investors from investing in Turkey (Joffe, & Vasconcelos, 2014). However, the Government of Turkey has carried out structural reforms to boost investment climate in the country. Moreover, the government has ensured tight fiscal controls, privatization of the economic enterprises of the state, increased flexibility in the labor market and a strong banking sector. As a result, the economy has improved. The Government of Turkey has pursued a well-knownreform program about investment atmosphere whose aim is to attract more Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Also, the formation of Turkey’s Investment Support and Promotion Agency has attracted investors (Kanat, 2004). ISPAT supports new investors, the business making process and promotes an investment setting that is friendly. It functionsas a support within the government for changesthat ensures investment and runsto promote domestic and global consciousnessof the values of the investment. The government’s transformationsin Turkey have made it easier to starta firm. The government has subsidedpermit necessities and has allowed people to register their businesses via regional commercial registry offices (Tuncel, 2017). Furthermore, the government has instituted a single firm registration form. The Turkish Government policies have ensured that the taxation system is friendlier to investors. According to Tuncel, the normal commercial tax rate was lowered from 30% to 20% in 2006. Market potential is the wholesize of the market for a certain product at a particular time. Turkey has a high market potential that covers more than one billion consumers. Turkey international image for investment is mainly moldedby the various marketplace opportunities both export and domestic-oriented (Kirisci, 2012). The market potential of Turkeyinclude a large and expanding domestic market which is approximately 70 million, a European market that generates a lot of capitalof about (600 million), evolvingRussian, Central Asian markets (roughly205 million) and a distinctand growing Middle East and North Africa markets (approximate 160 million). The strong historic and cultural ties provide Turkey with privateaccess and a center to create abusiness with these states. Hence, the high market potential makes Turkey a prominentinvestor in the Central Asian Turkic Republics. Regional integration has been used as an efficient instrumentfor promoting regional peace, prosperity, and stability, with the added prospect that economic expansion might also facilitate the transition to democracy (Joffe, & Vasconcelos, 2014). Turkey and the EU have worked on these suppositions and have developed various approaches to regional integration. Some of the impacts of regional integration initiatives are discussed below One of the effects of the regional integration initiatives is that it has made Turkey to increasingly become a â€Å"trading state†. Turkey has increased and diversified its economic relations with the Mashreq and Maghreb countries (Kirisci, 2012). After the Arab Spring, the Turkish regime had begun to improve componentsof neighborhood policy with Mashreq and Maghreb countries. The policies aimed at greater economic integration. Nevertheless, there has been up and down due to the crisis in Syria and also issues of stimulating transformation in the Arab world. Regional integration has allowed Turkey to acquire a higher proportion of the market share compared to its neighborhood. As the cold war ended, only 10% of itstranscontinentaltrade was with its neighborhood and this amounted to $3.5 billion (Frieden, 2015). Much of the trade was with Iran and the Soviet Union. Approximately half of the total Turkish foreign trade was acquired by the European Union countries roughly $17 billion. Nonetheless, the situation changed dramatically in the year 2011. Trade with the neighborhood was pricedat about $82 billion and comprised around 22 percent of the Turkeys general trade. Turkish regional integration has displayed other dimensions too.   In the aftermath of the Arabs revolution, the ‘zero problems with neighbors’ policy collapsed. The policy was very crucial since it was the primary source of the soft power of Turkey in the international affairs (Kirisci, 2012). Kirisci explains that the Turkish foreign policy is almost collapsing. In spite of much effort between Turkey and Syria to resolve their conflict, the conflict is too far from being resolved. Currently, Turkey is deeply involved in aconflict with Syria and this is affecting its own security negatively.   In my research, I discovered that although there are ongoing efforts by the government to court worldwide investors, the investment climate in Egypt remains challenging. Egypt has hard controls of currency and shortages. As a result, the country incurs losses and depend on importation of inputs essential for domestic production and manufacturing (Leigh & Blackey, 2016). The government of Egypt, however, remain committed to attracting investors across the globe.   For instance, it has launched a large-scale industrial zone near the Suez Canal. The main objective is to attract multinational manufacturing and logistic businesses alongside the main transnational shipping route. Most of the investors have reported delays of several months in the execution of foreign exchange transfers. In addition to that, labor rules inhibit firms from hiring more than 10% non-Egyptians. Moreover, foreign investors are not permitted to operate simple partnerships or sole proprietorship. A foreign indus try that is willing to import for trading purposes has to do so via a complete Egyptian-owned importer. Egyptian courts rarely recognize foreign judgments. Solving disputes takes a lot of time, with the time taken to settlea case to completion averaging 3-5 years (Leigh & Blackey, 2016). Also, their many hindrances such as regulatory complexity, excessive bureaucracy, the mismatch between labor market demand and job skills, non-tariff trade barriers and slow and cumbersome customs procedures. The world bankhas ranked Egyptamongstthe easiest countries in the Middle East and North Africa to start a business. According to the World Bank, a business can be opened in 8 days when compared to the and 19 and an international of 42. A businesspermit is not available online and has to be done in person at the General Authority for Investment (GAFI), situated in Nasr City with satellite offices in Assuit, Ismailia, and Alexandria. Egypt commenced structural reforms to correct macroeconomic imbalances that existed before President Mubarak’s era. Egypt has a long history of government intervention (Loewe, 2013). A substantial re-orientation happened in 2004 when President Mubarak appointed a new regime which comprised of several former business men. It came up with a new strategy for the industrial policy which was considerably more demand and market-oriented and less interventionist. The objective was to address the market failures which were hindering structural change in Egypt and prevent ‘vertical discrimination’ as much as possible (Gonzalez-Vicente, 2015). The industrial policies were effective in investment promotion, improved the entrepreneurs access to finance and simplified tax rates and procedures. Egypt is the largest textile producer in Africa accounting for about 50 percent of the world production in 2008. Private companies have dominated the downstream industry with more than 70 percent garment production. The Egyptian government is encouraging private investors to invest in both down-stream and up-stream industry (Kaplinsky, & Morris, 2014). Over the past 3 decades, the United States and Europe have been the primary markets for the textile and clothing exports with a market share of 35 percent and 46 percent respectively. Foreign Direct Investment has been an important vehicle for economic expansion in the emerging markets countries. Egypt has become the leading attractor of all the foreign direct investment in Africa. By the year 2008, it had attracted 56 foreign investment firms in the textile industry. The regional integration between Egypt and the United States has led to various economic implications. Improvement in Egypt’s market access to the united states. A potentially significant aspect of a preferential agreement with the United States has advanced access to the US markets for Egypt. (Melo & Tsikata, 2015). Important US quotas and tariffs remain on most of the Egyptian products. The ‘US International Trade Commission reports that out of the top 100 products that are imported from Egypt, only 16 products enter the United States duty-free. 22 of the remaining products face tariffs of less than 5%, 29 face tariffs which range from 5-15% and 26 products face tariffs higher than 15 percent. Hence, the export price of Egypt in the United States markets increases For Johnson and Martin Ltd company, Saudi Arabia is one of the most critical export markets. It is the biggest free economic market in the Middle East and holds 25 percent of the GDP (Rabie, 2013). It has a huge population of customers of about 400 million with high purchasing power. Also, its geographical location makes it a perfect entrance to European, African and Asian markets. The local market is experiencing a rapid continuous expansion. The Saudi Riyal is regarded to be one of the most stable currencies in the world (Alkhareif et. al., 2017). The Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MCI) has ensured that there are no obstacles which might present a barrier in the facilitation of the works of the ‘industrial investment facilities’. It has come up with methodologies and mechanisms of issuing licenses and services for the national factories. The most crucial procedure that has been put forward involves dividing the industrial licensing to two stages: issuing of a tempo rary license that is valid for one year and which is renewable and final licensing that is renewed after every 3 years. The government of Saudi Arabia has employed measures such as privatization among others to attain a more equitable distribution of income and wealth. Since 1980, constant public efforts have been applied to expand the economic base in substitute of the reliance on the hydrocarbon natural resources for the public revenues and economic output (Al-Rushaid, 2010). The government was aware that the economy ‘was simply resource-based and rentier in nature, with economic growth or contraction dependent on the price and output of the oil’. Nonetheless, this economic prospect was no longer plausible. The government accorded the private sector greater role in the development to improve the output, employment, and investment. The government adopted another mechanism to ensure that the private sector’s role in the economy is strengthened. These measures include promotion of non-oil exports, support to SMEs, increase of the competitiveness of the domestic products in local and twenty foreign markets and improvement of the regulatory and investment environment. Research conducted by analysts at Technavio have revealed that the retail market in Saudi Arabia will expand steadily at a CAGR of more than 7 percent by 2020. High urbanization, rising personal income, and high consumer confidence index has allowed private consumption the most imperative component of Saudi Arabia’s economy (Zain, Kassim, & Kadasah. 2017)These factors have also attracted many retailers all over the world into the market by increasing cost and competition in the major urban areas. The increase in competition will, therefore, create more pressure on the profit margins of those operating in the retail sector. The situation will provide investors the opportunity to exploit the new regions with more growth potential. Most of the population in Saudi Arabia are very traditional; however, with the increase in exposure to an international fashion brand, internet savvy, and young population have adopted new styles and designs. Hence, this preference for goods with the n ew design will improve generate capital for the investors. The establishment of the Gulf co-operation (GCC) between Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, and Oman happened in 1982. The GCC has made progress from a Free Trade Area (FTA) to the Customs Union in 2003 and a Common Market in 2008 (Delgado, 2016). Launching of the common market eased the movement of goods and services. Firms and investors from the GCC states are active in mergers and acquisitions. From 1999, many transactions with a known value of $573 billion have already been made. It is worth noting that these mergers and acquisitions are very important investors in the cross-border M&A abroad. In my research, I was able to realize that all the three countries present the same opportunities. Thereis theexistence of a high demand for value-added products for the young people (Diaz et.al., 2015). Also, there is a market niche that exists in the three countries for branded products. For instance, internet savvy and young population in Saudi Arabia have adopted new styles and designs. Hence, investors can come up with a quality brand that will satisfy them. There is a high potential to invest in Egypt and Turkey due to high cotton production, spinning and finishing processes. Turkey has a high population of young people who are the target for the Johnson and Martin Ltd compared to Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Some of the threats for the company are second-hand clothing which is imported from Europe and the United States. The company might experience stiff competition from other countries such as Turkey, India, and China. Furthermore, popular brands for the young generation might be imitated. Lastly, tradition and culture pose a great threat to some of the products particularly in Egypt and Saudi Arabia who are adopting some of the new fashions. To sum it all, Johnson and Martin Ltd has the opportunity to invest in the three countries. However, market opportunity assessment of the three states is the most effective method of determining the most suitable country to invest. Turkey presents a great opportunity due.   to its location and alarge population of theyoung population. It also produces a lot of cotton and is a major exporter. Turkey has a wonderful business climate that is very friendly to investors. Nonetheless, it’s interventionist policies are holding the country back. On the other hand, Egypt has many drawbacks such as poor control of finances and shortages. The country also has a lot to do to attract most of the investors who do not tolerate excessive bureaucracy among other issues. Saudi Arabia is the third state whose economy has flourished in the United Arab Emirates. Market expansion in the country has attracted many investors who have contributed to the growth of the economy. The country presents a great opportunity due to the young generation that adopting international fashion. In terms of opportunity and threats, Turkey is the most promising since it has many opportunities and few threats. As a marketing consultant, I recommend Johnson and Martin Ltd to consider entering Turkey first. Turkey has a large market niche to be exploited with thehumongous young population. Turkey also provides the friendliest environment for the investors. In spite of the clothing it produces, it will allow market growth due to its location. Moreover, a unique brand needs to be introduced into the market to prevent competition from within and abroad. The best market entry strategy is through a Turkish Agent. The agent will provide information on the local regulatory framework, valuable business contact, and language assistance. As the business expands, the firm may open branchesand make more local savingsto increase the market share. Alkhareif, R.M., Barnett, W.A. and Qualls, J.H., 2017. Has the Dollar Peg Served the Saudi Economy Well?  International Finance and Banking,  4(1), p.145. Al-Rushaid W. (2010). Strengthening of National Capacities for National Development Strategies and Their Management: An Evaluation of UNDP's Contribution. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved from: https://web.undp.org/evaluation/documents/thematic/cd/Saudi-Arabia.pdf De Melo, J., and Tsikata, Y., 2015. Regional integration in Africa: Challenges and prospects. Delgado, P.A.A.D.L., 2016.  The United Arab Emirates case of economic success: the Federal Government Economic Policies (Doctoral dissertation). Diaz, A., Hill, J., Jenkins, R., Kay, A., Pye, A., Morley, D. and Tejedor Garavito, N., 2015. A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) evaluation of university student-staff partnerships in co-creating educational resources, peer support and research within STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics) subjects.  Journal of Scientific Research & Reports,  5(2), pp.161-170. Frieden, J., 2015.  Banking on the world: the politics of American international finance. Routledge. Gonzalez-Vicente, R., 2015. The limits to China's non-interference foreign policy: pro-state interventionism and the rescaling of economic governance.  Australian Journal of International Affairs,  69(2), pp.205-223. Hollensen, S (2017). Global Marketing (7 th . Ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd https://mci.gov.sa/en/Agencies/IndustrialAffairs/Documents/Industry%20in%20the%20Kingdom.pdf Joffe, G. and Vasconcelos, A. eds., 2014.  The Barcelona Process: Building a Euro-Mediterranean Regional Community  (Vol. 5, No. 1). Routledge. Jullens, John (2013). How Emerging Giants can take the World, Harvard Business Review, (91)12:121-125 Kanat, E.A., 2004.  Impacts of customs union membership over european union originated capital inflows to turkey  (Doctoral dissertation, Yeditepe ÃÅ"niversitesi). Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M., 2014. Developing industrial clusters and supply chains to support diversification and sustainable development of exports in Africa.  Report for the African Export-Import Bank. Cairo: African Export-Import Bank. Kiri?ci, K., 2012. The EU, Turkey, and the Arab Spring: Challenges and operations for regional integration.  Global Turkey in Europe, p.195. Leigh, N.G., and Blakely, E.J., 2016.  Planning local economics development: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Loewe, M., 2013. Industrial policy in Egypt 2004-2011. Rabie (2013). Industry in KSA: Persistent Renaissance. Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Retrieved from: Salahuddin, M. and Gow, J., 2014. Economic growth, energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in Gulf Cooperation Council countries.  Energy,  73, pp.44-58. Tuncel, O. (2017).   Diplomacy in action. Central Bank of Turkey Zain, M., Kassim, N. and Kadasah, N., 2017. Isn’t It Now a Crucial Time for Saudi Arabian Firms to be more Innovative and Competitive?  International Journal of Innovation Management,  21(03), p.1750021. .com boasts a pool of 3000+ experts from different backgrounds, who are solely dedicated to providing premier quality assignment help. Due to the diversity in our expert team, we are capable of providing academic assistance in more than 100 subjects. 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USA Patriot Act 2001 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

USA Patriot Act 2001 - Research Paper Example Jim Sensenbrenner brought H.R. 3162 to the floor. The bill was passed on October 24, 2001 with the overwhelming support of both the Democrat and Republican parties. The nation's security enforcers such as the FBI and CIA seemed to be powerless to stop such a strong opponent from attacking America because, as then senator Joe Biden explained it (â€Å"The USA PATRIOT Act: Preserving Life and Liberty â€Å", n.d.): â€Å"Many of the tools the Act provides to law enforcement to fight terrorism have been used for decades to fight organized crime and drug dealers, and have been reviewed and approved by the courts. As Sen. Joe Biden (D-DE) explained during the floor debate about the Act, "the FBI could get a wiretap to investigate the mafia, but they could not get one to investigate terrorists. To put it bluntly, that was crazy! What's good for the mob should be good for terrorists." (Cong. Rec., 10/25/01)† At the time that the bill was passed into law, everything that it contained in terms of investigating and going after terrorists on American soil seemed to make sense. The country finally had a law that would force the law enforcement agencies to work as a team rather than independently of each other in an effort to bring terrorist activities to the front lines (Fritscher, 2007). It gave them a legal method through which they could investigate and surveille suspected terrorists. It was actually because of the difficulties that the various government agencies experienced in investigating possible terrorist acts that this law came into being. By allowing the law to give our law enforcement officials the power and tools with which to conduct their investigations pertaining to perceived terrorist threats within the country, our lawmakers have made the country a safer p lace for all concerned to live in (Mathewson, 2009). Under the law, the legal barriers that existed previously which prevented the government agencies from sharing intelligence with one another was removed. Thus allowing for a more collective effort in the fight against terrorist. This was because they now had the ability to see the over all picture of a terrorist plot using bits and pieces of collated information from various sources. To quote Sen. John Edwards (â€Å"The USA PATRIOT Act: Preserving Life and Liberty â€Å", n.d.) : "we simply cannot prevail in the battle against terrorism if the right hand of our government has no idea what the left hand is doing". The U.S.A. Patriot Act of 2001 has the country's best interests at heart. However, there are sectors of society that view the law as one that was haphazardly put together due to the jittery nerves that existed at the time. The law was passed with little to no debate in both legislative houses, and the more than three h undred and forty page document was passed with majority of congress never even having read a single page. All because of a perceived enemy that was little understood in the annals of American history (Point, n.d.). The problem with the law, is that it inadvertently approved investigatory tools that used to be denied by congress on the basis of domestic privacy issues (Point, n.d.). While our constitution guarantees certain rights to privacy in Constitutional Amendments four to eight, the Patriot Act repeals such privacy assurances for its citizens in the name of national security. Instead, the act opens up the citizens of the land to various possible abuses in authority that did not exist before the passing of the US Patriot Act of 200

Management of Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Management of Technology - Essay Example The company has a slew of innovations, most in different stages of patenting. It assiduously protects its intellectual property. Its business model relies on license fees accruing from the deployment of its technology in the Wave Energy Projects. Apart from license fees, the company participates in equity of the Special Purpose Companies that implement the projects. Being an innovation driven company in the frontiers of technology, technology management is its area of special emphasis. Carnegie Corp. acquired CETO technologies from REH. CETO, named after a Greek god, is the only technology that enables pumping high pressure sea water ashore. This method is the most efficient method to desalinate sea water (PESWiki.com). The acquisition was in return for REH taking 35% stake in Carnegie. In addition to the intellectual property, Carnegie acquired REH’s commercial site pipeline. REH’s agreements with EDF EN also devolved upon Carnegie. Consequent to the agreement with REH, Carnegie would Build, Own and Operate CETO wave forms in the southern hemisphere, which was the domain of REH (CETO over View). The relationship with EDF EN is a joint venture license relationship to own and operate CETO Wave Power Projects in the northern hemisphere and Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean. While Carnegie will have the right, it is not bound by any obligation to participate in any CETO wave power project developed by EDF EN in the Territory of Exclusivity. In the event REH does not exercise its right to participate in any such project, EDF EN can exercise the right in developing such project with a partner of its choice. Carnegie’s project with EDF EN, will be implemented by a Special Purpose Company (SPC). In this SPC, Carnegie receives an equity interest between 25% and 49% related to the scale of the project. The financing of the project will be through equity and debt instruments. The equity

Integral Quantity Data types Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Integral Quantity Data types - Essay Example Yes, we can represent integers bigger than what int allows. Basically, integers have limit up to 2,147,483,647, and if we want to show number greater than this we have two options. We can use long or BigInteger. In this scenario, the limit for long is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807. For storing space and increasing the time of execution of program Java provides two data types (TutorialPoints, 2014; Oracle Corporation, 2014). Yes, for representing arbitrarily large integers we can use two other options: BigInteger and BigDecimal. However, it is not default because we write small programs in which our integer values can easily store and take less space. Hence, if BigDecimal or BigInteger becomes default it will require more space and the program execution will require additional time. Due to this reason there is not a single representation of integral quantities (TutorialPoints, 2014; Oracle Corporation,

Learning Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Learning Styles - Essay Example Carl Rogers said, â€Å"I am talking about LEARNING-the insatiable curiosity that drives the adolescent boy to absorb everything he can see or hear or read about gasoline engines in order to improve the efficiency and speed of his cruiser. I am talking about the student who says, â€Å"I am discovering, drawing in from the outside, and making that which is drawn in a real part of me. I am talking about any learning in which the experience of the learner progresses along this line: ‘No. no, that’s not what I want’;† Wait! This is closer to what I am interested in, what I need; â€Å"Ah, here it is! Now I’m grasping and comprehending what I need ad what I want to know!† (Rogers, 1969) Learning began the natural way which was epitomized by conducting lessons in the open environment. Natural learning can be characterized by assuming responsibilities, asking questions, seeking answers, analyzing information which leads to more questions. Learning is a process which articulates questions which have no end and a method that trains the mind to go beyond boundaries in its search for answers. This is the key to educating one without being inter dependant. Benjamin Franklin was schooled for two years but his real education and learning was his process of life which sought the creation of challenging projects with familiar objects combined with his curiosity that there always has to be an alternative use. Learning is of different styles and approaches depending upon the individual and their mental framework. Individuals absorb and process the acquired knowledge through various methods. Through sight and sound, replicating, performing, motivating logically and instinctively, analyzing and visualizing. A learner can be classified into those who utilize the acquired knowledge and make things happen and produce a result or a learner can be those who watch

Introduction to Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Introduction to Political Science - Essay Example Political parties refer to groups of people joining to contest elections through which they hold power hence running the government. These people may not necessarily share ideologies in real life but for political reasons affiliate themselves with ideologies that will drive their agenda. They may agree in policies developed or procedures or programs developed for the society. They work together as a unit to promote the good of the community in a collective approach. The different ideologies may not matter considering members of the political party have one core ideology that drives them. It is under the political party that electorates elect those to run the government. The management of parties is different in different political jurisdictions. Some have more than one party applied as the multiparty system while others operate on one party like Chine. These differ in approach and each has different management styles that may fit its operations in a country. These parties have develo ped as the defining features of the modern day democracies.

Integral Quantity Data types Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Integral Quantity Data types - Essay Example Yes, we can represent integers bigger than what int allows. Basically, integers have limit up to 2,147,483,647, and if we want to show number greater than this we have two options. We can use long or BigInteger. In this scenario, the limit for long is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807. For storing space and increasing the time of execution of program Java provides two data types (TutorialPoints, 2014; Oracle Corporation, 2014). Yes, for representing arbitrarily large integers we can use two other options: BigInteger and BigDecimal. However, it is not default because we write small programs in which our integer values can easily store and take less space. Hence, if BigDecimal or BigInteger becomes default it will require more space and the program execution will require additional time. Due to this reason there is not a single representation of integral quantities (TutorialPoints, 2014; Oracle Corporation,

Introduction to Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Introduction to Political Science - Essay Example Political parties refer to groups of people joining to contest elections through which they hold power hence running the government. These people may not necessarily share ideologies in real life but for political reasons affiliate themselves with ideologies that will drive their agenda. They may agree in policies developed or procedures or programs developed for the society. They work together as a unit to promote the good of the community in a collective approach. The different ideologies may not matter considering members of the political party have one core ideology that drives them. It is under the political party that electorates elect those to run the government. The management of parties is different in different political jurisdictions. Some have more than one party applied as the multiparty system while others operate on one party like Chine. These differ in approach and each has different management styles that may fit its operations in a country. These parties have develo ped as the defining features of the modern day democracies.

Ethics - Terms to know Essay Example for Free

Ethics Terms to know Essay WorldviewThe way the world is seen made sense of; framework of individual understanding. e.g. Deism God abandoned creation Nihilism Reality has no value; traditional values unfounded Existentialism Life has no meaning but what we give it Eastern Pantheism Polytheism, i.e. Hinduism Naturalism Secular humanism / modernism; God is irrelevantnothing exists but natural world New Age Pantheism All is one; no distinction between plants, people; all are God Judeo-Christianity There is only one God who created universe; God is involved w/ creation Post Modernism God is dead; truth is a social construct; relativism prevails EthicsThe explicit, philosophical reflection on moral beliefs and practices. (The difference between ethics and morality is similar to the difference between musicology and music. Ethics is a conscious stepping back and reflecting on morality, just as musicology is a conscious reflection on music). Descriptive EthicsStating actual moral beliefs. Normative EthicsStudy of what is really right or wrong. MetaethicsStudy about field of Ethics. Metaethics Theories ObjectivismThere are correct and incorrect answers. SubjectivismThere are no correct or incorrect answers. AbsolutismAll moral rules hold without exceptionthere is only one truth; opposite of relativism, contrasts with consequentialism. RightsJustified claims upon other(s) for actions or non-actions. Negative Obligation (Right)An obligation to refrain from something or entitlements to do something without interference from other people. See also autonomy. Positive Obligation (Right)An obligation to perform / provide, etc., or entitlements that obligate others to do something positive to assist you. In remUniversal rights (obligations fall on all moral agents). In personamRestricted rights (obligations fall on selected individuals). General Obligationsmoral requirements of all moral beings. Role-related Obligationsmoral requirements of specific roles, e.g. MD, priest, etc. Strong PaternalismForced acts of beneficence on person able to decide. Weak PaternalismForced acts of beneficence on person unable to decide. Negative PaternalismRefraining from doing something to/for someone. 4 Main Ethical Principles / Values NonmaleficenceDo no harm; (Primum non nocere first, do no harm); a negative right. BeneficenceDo good; promoting the welfare of others; actively avoiding harm; a positive right. AutonomyNon-interference with others choices and freedom to make choices / self determination. Justice / Social JusticeEqual treatment for all. Ethical Systems Theories (*Related concepts) *ConsequentialismThe end justifies the means; the rightness or wrongness of any action depends on its consequences. *Utilitarianism (act)To act in a beneficial way based strictly on the good consequences for the most people; case-by-case analysis of each act. *Utilitarianism (rule) To act in a beneficial way (with good consequences for the most people) based on moral rules; categorical imperative? DeontologismIts not whether you win or lose, its how you play the game; some actions are right or wrong regardless of their consequences; contrasts with consequentialism. Relativismit all dependsall points of view are equally valid. Also: When in Rome, do as the Romans do (cultural relativism). Beauty is in the eye of the beholder (personal relativism). *Doctrine of Double Effectintention is everything; concerns only intended means or ends, not actual means or ends even if predictable (i.e. chemo side-F/Xs). Patient Relationship Models Engineering ModelJust the facts, maam; healthcare professionals as scientists presenting factspatients make decisions based on these facts. Paternalistic ModelDo what I say; decisions are made by healthcare professionals. Contractual ModelLets make a deal; healthcare professionals give informationassist patients in decision-making by making recommendations. ConfidentialityNot divulging information which another has revealed on condition of secrecy; patients right to privacy (of information). Deontological Argument for the Obligation of ConfidentialityRespecting confidentiality respects patient autonomy. Consequentialistic Argument for the Obligation of ConfidentialityRespecting confidentiality protects and promotes well-being of patients. 3 Accepted Exceptions for Divulging a Patient ConfidencePatient not competent, required by law, protect public interest. Truth Telling (Veracity)Obligation to tell the truth. Consequentialistic Case for Telling and Withholding the TruthDo what will most benefit/least harm patient; truth-telling / withholding truth context dependent. 3 (actually 4) Possible Exceptions to the Truth-Telling RuleFamily request, patient request, for the good of others (less so now), avoiding disastrous consequences (extreme cases). 5 Elements of Informed ConsentCompetence, information disclosure, understanding, voluntariness, and authorization.

Managerialist model of management and leadership

Managerialist model of management and leadership Explore to what extent the managerialist model of management and leadership adopted in England and Wales has influenced management culture in one other country and the impact that this may have on your own management and leadership style. Introduction Managerialism has become the predominant ideology in educational management. It has been a stably indispensable ingredient in the policy of government in order to operate public school, in contrast to the traditional bureaucratic ideals, it provide high priority to management and leadership (Pollitt 1993). Leadership, is a complex social phenomenon, and has been studied and developed over many years. Leadership is a process in which an individual influences the group of individuals to accomplish the common goals and targets. Leadership is born in a organization context, that is to say no organization or group then there can be no leadership. Leadership includes attention to goals, which means leadership has impacts in contexts where everybody is moving toward a goal. So leadership seems like a power relationship existing between leader and followers (Northouse ,2007). Management is defined realistically in the context of an organization. That is to say that management is a process which enables organizations to set and achieve their objective by planning organizing and controlling their recourses, including gaining motivation from their employees. Although it is being argued that the application of some managerialist approaches cause problems. In England and Wales, education is overseen by the department for education and department for business, innovation and skills. Almost all state-funded school are maintained schools funded by the government in which the local authority, Ofsted and the TDA are influential partners. In China Education is a state-run system of public education run by the Ministry of Education. In the basic education, the Chinese government, government established a uniform standard for basic education, to control the national curriculum, the system of enrollment examinations, and teacher qualifications level. Chinese education system is reforming, through studying advanced educational counties and excessive government control is being reduced. In relation, to this assignment, I want to explore to what extent management and leadership approaches adopted in England, and Wales have influenced management culture in the China and the impact trends on development of management and leadership style. I am particularly interested in exploring to what extent western approaches can be implemented in China. For example, which theories adopted in British might be applied in China and any weaknesses it might have minimized. I will explore what theories exert impact either positively or negatively in management system in British school. Taking it as a higher revelation ,which will give me consideration about my leadership and management styles. Specifically, through studying managerialism and bureau professionalism, organizational culture, leadership style (trait, style and transformation leadership theory), I will focus on the following: To explore how managerialism has been introduced to England and Wales and how it has impacted upon education management. To explore how government policy in China controls education and influences the actions of head teachers and school organizations Compare what happened in China with what happened in England The impact of that government controls have on head teachers in china and its implications for my own management style. Literature review 2.1)Managerialism in English Education (definition)Managerialism is a set of belief and practices, and it assumes that a better management can solve the various problem existing in public sectors(Pollitt,1993) Although there are different definitions of managerialism, as a fads and buzzwords, it has been given various names including, New public Management, New Managerialism, Entrepreneurial Governance and Neo-Taylorism (Power 1997 cide in McGrah. 2004) (Traits)Managerialism is introduced to England education for couple of decades. In fact it has been as a belief that effective leadership and management is considered as the most important element for operating successful schools and colleges (Bush 2004 cited in McGrath). Its traits were summarised by (Bush 2004) as followed: manaerialism , First, it empowers manager right to manage, which is rising the process of management above that which is to be managed. Secondly, it seems like cost centres and devolved budgets to achieve greater financial control. Thirdly, managerialism uses the contracts instead of the high-trust relationship to clear sub-units in order to atomising of large-scale organisation. Fourthly, managerialism use performance assessment to link the individuals aim and the objectives of organisation. The last but not least, a virtual-market environment is created , it promotes competition and transforms students into customers. As features of managerialism mentioned before, the better management and leadership have become requirement and a trend. Pollitt ( 1993, p49) stated that managerilaism is a the acceptable face of new-right thinking concerning the state. It is an ingredient in the pot pouring which can attract support beyond the new right itself. During the last two decades, Bush (1986, 1995,1999, 2004) also consistently claimed that effective leadership and management play a crucial role for the successful operation of schools and colleges. He (2004,p 2)suggested successful management requires a clear link between aims, strategy and operational management. In his view there are three aspects should be clear, that is: formal aims, organizational or individual aims and the determination of aims. Gunter (1997) accepted the same conception that managerialism has to emphasise the managerial efficiency rather than the direction at the achievement of educational objectives. Although the opposition to managerialism has never stopped, the government continually emphasise the effective management and leadership in school, college and universities as the means by which governmental and organisational goals may be achieved (Simkins 1999). However,a fact that managerialism have affected the development of education and society and the trend have shown that it will continue to play an important role in education system. 2.2 Leadership theories in common use in England schools Undoubtedly, managerialism needs high quality management or leadership and policy maker have placed great emphasis on the good leadership. So the model of leadership has been promoting. Although there is no unified definition of leadership at present, clearly, it is different with the management. Yukl(2002) and Northhouse (2007) described that leadership is an influenced process where individual influences a group or organization through his or her action and motivation. Bush(2004) clarified it used by three dimension to define the leadership which is a basis for develop a working definition. That is, leadership as influence, leadership and values , and leadership and vision . Because the significance of effective leadership has been increasingly acknowledged, researchers never stop to study and analyse leadership theories. In consequence, there are many leadership theories according to different concerns the style approach emphasized on and various social context. However, in England, every leader has their own leadership style which very often can be analysed using trait, style and transformational leadership. Trait theory is one of most important theories. It originated in the 19th century, is based on the Great Man theory of leadership. The Great man theory believes that a successful leader should have certain innate characteristics that make them special and concentrate on their success. Trait theory developed the Great man theory and emphasise on the identification and analysis of the superior qualities of leaders. This theory concentrate on the personality which are innate traits that leader requires. (Power 1997 cide in McGrah. 2004) As a theory, the traits leaders should be held have been studied since its birth. Although no one has been able to provide the definitive list of traits which are different between leaders and non-leaders, there are seven traits that have been considered important over the years. That is: self-confidence, intelligence, helicopter effect, persistence, integrity, motivation and responsibility, which emphasis on what qualities a leader should have is useful. (Power 1997 cide in McGrah. 2004) For the reason that trait theory is still important at present, two strengths should be mentioned. The greatest one is that it is very easy to understand, people likely think about what their leaders is and what their leaders should be like. Another great function of trait theory is that trait theory can be used to identify potential leadership candidate as a first sieve. These strengths also effect following new theories, but as a theory, the greatest weaknesses are also constrict its development. The greatest weakness is that the definitive list of traits has been argued. That is to say, if a new list is identified the recognized leader should be in dilemma, because they likely do not have all the traits specified. (Power 1997 cide in McGrah. 2004) Compared with trait theory that focus on the personality, style theory concerned with the behaviour. Northouse (2007) comment that In common, there are two general kinds of behaviour should be considered. One is task aids goal achievement and other is relational assists interpersonal support. Style theory seeks a way to help leader to effectively combine these two behaviours. As a theory, the greatest strength is that it established the idea that the leaders style is composed of two major components- task and relationship, more importantly, the key to good readership is finding the right balance, which changes the focus of research to what leaders do and how they act while it provides leaders with an insight into how others see them. However there are three doubts about this theory. First, how does style of leadership impacts on performance and attitude of staff. Secondly, whether is there a style that is effective in all situations? Thirdly, it does not take account of the context o r situation in which leadership is exercised. (Northouse 2007) Currently, the Transformation Leadership theory (TL) has become popularised in the educational leadership field. Transformation Leadership theory focuses on values, ethics standards and long-term goals. A connection leaders create is characterized, it is to raise the level of motivation and morality in both the leader and followers. Caldwell and Spinks (1992) commended that transformation leadership theory is crucial for self-manage schools. As opposite to them, Bennett et al(2003) argued that because this theory put too much on the top leader as a heroic figure and encourage manipulation of followers, it gave rise to overemphasis on conception of distributed leadership. Similarly, Bush(2004) discussed that transformational model is popular in the literature but the contemporary policy climate cannot provide enough condition for its growth, because the English system increasingly requires school leaders to adhere to government prescriptions which affect aims, curriculum, content and pedagogy as well as values(Bush 2004,p78). As a same opinion, Bottery (2001) gave a the same view that the more centralized , more directed, and more controlled educational system that has dramatically reduced the possibility of realising a genuinely transformational education and leadership. However, transformational leadership theory is consistent with the collegial model in which a challenge should be faced is that leaders and staffs have shared values and common interests. 2.3) government control of education in China. Whenever, just like most countries, education is a Long-Term Priority in China, it has never been ignored by Chinese government Since the founding of New China, the Chinese government has always attached great importance to education, It is establishing the worlds largest education system.(Basic Education in China(2010)). The Ministry of Education (2009) stated that in the last 3 decades of reform and opening up, China has been unremitting efforts to explore a path of educational development with Chinese characteristics. It is well-known that education system is controlled by central government. Centrol government was in charge of basic education and high education before the market economy replaced the planning economy in 1985. That is to say, the curriculum and leaders and teachers management were all administrated by government. Accordingly, the leadership and management in school were driven by government and its policy at that time. After 1985, educational system was no longer compatible with the prevailing economic system and social needs, there was a transition happened in the highly centralized administrative system of education.(Su 2004). National Conference on Education implemented policy The reforms were intended to expand their management and decision-making powers, this policy gave administrators the necessary encouragement and authority to ensure smooth progress in educational reform. Lee (2006)gave a clear explanation that the local governments were given some administrative powers. The basic education was mainly the responsibility of local governments. In higher education and vocational education, colleges and universities were more independent decisions-making power. Furthermore, the investment system underwent a gradual change under which the state made unified development plans and provided budgetary appropriations for education. The second great changes taken place in Chinese education in 1993 after the speech of the making ones rounds austral Deng Xiaoping is published. Education Law of the Peoples Republic of China states that the Ministry of Education is responsible for formulating guiding principles for education, establishing regulations, planning the progress of educational projects with expanded administrative scope and power and it is co-ordinating the educational programs of different departments, and standardization educational reforms. In short, The Ministry of Education is highest power of education in China. Despite that the new Ministry assumed a central role in the administration of education, the reform decentralized much of the power it previously wielded and its constituent offices and bureaus, which had established curriculum and admissions policies in response to the State Planning Commissions requirements. In summary, Location management is running in basic education and excessive government control over colleges and universities was reduced ( the Ministry of education) than before. there are considerable autonomy and variations in and among the autonomous regions, provinces, and special municipalities. Management and leadership approaches used in China Due to a fact that some managerialism in china is borrowed from westerns, so some parallels can be drawn between the Chinese case and its Western counterparts in terms of the public management including educational management. For example, Devolution of educational management from the central to the local level was the means chosen to improve the education system. Devolution refers to the transfer of authority to an autonomous unit that can act independently, or a unit that can act without first asking permission. (Bray, 1999) Lee and Lo( 2001 )agreed with the ideas from Massey (1993), Ferlie (1996) and continued to claim that In the west, the theme of reinventing government is ideologically embedded in the current of the new right. It promoted the three Es (efficiency, effectiveness, and economy) in the public management, and advocates profit, property rights and markets to substitute for the mechanisms of power in the restructuring of public administration. In the Chinese context, the remaking of public maintaining to the role of top policy makers, the assessment of the state capacity, the dilemma between the state hierarchy and market mechanisms and the controversy of property rights. During the reform ear, the top Chinese policy makers have been trying to gain not only a realistic policy making role for the party-state at the macro level, but also feasible approaches in the remaking of public management at the micro levels. Compare between in china and uk Despite a fact that critique to government control has existed, government control in education system has placed in differently level in Britain and China. China is country whose educational system is ran by state, before 1985, the government controlled over the education system since 1949, that is to say the Chinese government is the most powerful to manage education through all educational policies made by Chinese Communist Party. For instance, government monitored implementation of its policies at all educational institutions by its party committees. Almost every head teacher and senior management is member of Chinese communist party. The orientation of educational institution guided by policies made central government. Notably, there was a change happened in the national conference on education in 1985, the establishment of the ministry of education symbolised some coordination of education. Although State Council (central government) still played the central role in the adminis tration of education and the new ministry of education is in charge of all organisations, the decentralisation to constituent educational bureaus and local governments, as a rudiment, has established, which had power in different level to establish curriculum and admissions policies. Education law of the peoples republic of China (Article 14) state that: The State Council and all local Peoples government at different levels shall supervise and manage the educational work according to the principle of management by different levels and division of labour with individual responsibility. Secondary and lower education shall be managed by the local Peoples government under the leadership of the State Council. Higher education shall be managed by the State Council and the Peoples government of province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government. By contrast, in England and Wales, the school leaderships are reduced to implement the policies and values of government and its agencies (Bush 2004.p 4). The government is very appreciative of school leadership who continue to give their time and energy to the voluntary work of serving on school governing bodies.() Although governments have the constitutional power to impose their will but successful innovations require the commitment of those who have to implement these chances in the England and Wales (Bush 2004.p 4). He explained if the teachers and leaders believe the policies are not suitable for teaching and learning, which should give to rise to lack of passion and enthusiasm to implement an initiative. Therefore, government should appreciate school to have visionary leadership as long as the visions and values of school are closed with government imperatives. Bush argued that what extent the leadership is able to modify government policy depends on school-level values and vision. Similarly, Furlong (2002) claimed that professionals have been status of teachers because of increased government control of education. That is to say, in England and Wales, professionalism is allowed to exist only by the grace of central government due to the central monitoring of teacher performance. (Bush, 2004 p5) Governing bodies and individual governors should also review their effectiveness and carry out self evaluation of their own skills and evaluate the skill set possessed by the governing body as a whole so that any skills gaps can be met. Governors should also receive defined information to enable them to challenge and hold the school leadership team to account (Reflection- to what extent could that trait, style and transformational leadership used in china (500-750) Based on a fact, leadership theory , mostly, is copy from western leadership theory, so there are three phases. They are: trait, style and transformational leadership theory. Exactly, trait theory is the oldest theory either in western or in china, this theory is not solely copy of the Great Man theory, but it is based on Great Man theory, summarized the common traits of successful leaders. It is way it currently, is still useful. One reason is that it provide a ideal for us to look for a leader. On the other hand, want-to-be leaders can use it to identify their basic personality that they need to work on if they want to be considered a leader. In china, if you want to work as a leader in educational institution, the basic qualities as first sieve should be required, they are as followed: Intelligence: leaders should have professional knowledge and be intellect to deal with issues and problems. Self-confidence: it is quite different between leaders and their followers. No matter how hard the leaders confront with challenges, leaders should be confident to tackle them, it is not fake it but positive to seek effective way due to a believe you can deal with them. Helicopter effect and motivation: China is a country whose thought is more collective, as a leader, she or he should be able to encourage everyones aim to be same with organization. leaders need to motivate not only themselves but also staff. Persistence: as good quality, the leader must have it. As leaders in education, they should meet challenges, obstacles and results that are not expected. Never giving up and keeping forward are ever objectives. Integrity: helicopter effect come from respect and trust and integrity is foot of respect and trust. Responsibility: leaders should put responsibility before accountability. As time goes by, the trait theory has not content to leadership needs, style theory,as supplement, is used at educational system. China is a country who requires good relationship. The style theory provides a way to find the right balance for task and relationship. Task aids goal achievement while relational assists interpersonal support. With popularity of transformational leadership theory in western, this theory is permeating to China. It is part of the new leadership paradigm that give more attention to the charismatic and effective elements of leadership. It meet the needs of todays work groups who want to be inspired and empowered to succeed in times of uncertainty, because this theory focus on the intrinsic motivates and followers development. It provide easier way for leaders to combine the aim of organization and individuals targets. It is more humanism, and it consider emotions, values, ethics, standards and long-term goals and includes assessing followers motives, satisfying their needs and treating as full human beings. That is why this theory is broad researched and applied in China. These three theories have their own strengths and weaknesses, how to exert their advantages and avoid their disadvantages is strategy and tactic. Conclusion :500sieve three most important things you have learn In conclusion, therefore, it can be seen that despite widespread opposition to managerialism, like everything in the world, there are two sides, the dark side of managerialism is overstate. managerialism has become a dominant ideology in educational management either in England and Wales or in China. It is a production of development of society. Notably, as we can see, the application of managerialist approach can cause some problem. However, managerialism emphasizes on managers right to manage. It is typified by a set of practice including the assumptions, techniques, ideas and behaviours, so the practice of management is raised above importance of the function being managed. So the introduction of manageriamlism led to a greater emphasis being place on management and leadership as these skills were necessary to meet the new requirements. According managerialism, government needs the good management and leadership to control education. However, the government policy cannot be change d by leaderships who develop alternative approaches based on school-level. In other words, governments in England and Wales have the constitutional power to impose their will but successful innovations require the commitment of those who have to implement these changes; while in China, central government control and management at different level, on the one hand, kept stable of educational development; on the other hand, it led to limitation of innovation. Management and leadership As a predominant ideology in educational management, managerialism needs the effective management and leadership that also are required by governmenal and organizational goals. Management is of mind. It is important. As a science, it is concerned with now and here, which means manager need to do things right; while leadership is concerned with future, as a art, leadership is sole and heart, it need to do right things. So management and leadership, in most time, could not be divided. Indeed, leadership theories have provide a dramatically different view of the driving forces behind leadership. As is mentioned before that in England the trait, style and transformational leadership are very often analysed by most leaders even if they have their own leadership style. During the process of development of leadership theory, the researchers and leaders have been looking for the best way to obtain the sense and avoid their weakness. This is why some good strengths of old theory (traits and style theory) are still important for today. With the development of leadership theory, the new theories always fit requirement of age in order to fit effective management and leadership. Areas of weakness in what you have done I have done my best to show in this essay that management and leadership in educational system in England and Wales and China. Because the aims of education are more diffuse and contested. As is known that aims are tied up with peoples values and beliefs. So management and leadership in education should be different with other public areas. In addition, because of the differences of context and tradition in different countries, management and leadership in China and England are in different way, although it is in very subtle, implicit ways. The analysis and discussion have been showen, some of these were somewhat out of date. although it is not clear which leadership style is the best for England and China, at least, the strengths and weakness mentioned before are meaningful for further research. if it is merely reflecting the way for me to see my own leadership style. However, in the long run, negative effect of managerialiam and leadership theories should be attractive my eyes. As we know that things will change, but only slowly. research in these areas is important, the eventual solution would identify the better way to manage schools, colleges and universities in other words, a greater respect for aims of education to look for a fittest management method.